Migration of Birds

Snow Geese which left James Bay, Canada, arrived at the Louisiana Gulf coast "60 hours later after a continuous flight of over 1,700 miles at an average speed of 28 miles per hour." This is just one of the many intriguing facts about bird migration contained in this 1998 circular from the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. Informative and up-to-date chapters discuss flight speed and rate of migration, migration routes, and techniques for studying migration. A final chapter, Future Directions, concludes "Migratory pathways evolved over the eons in expectation of a moderately stable environment with sufficient food and cover along appropriate corridors that connected sustaining winter ranges with suitable breeding areas... But human impacts on the environment generate rates of change that exceed many species' ability to adapt."


By : U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service

00 - Preface



01 - Introduction



02 - Early Ideas About Migration



03 - Techniques for Studying Migration



04 - Evolution of Migration



05 - Stimulus for Migration



06 - When Birds Migrate



07 - Flight Speed and Rate of Migration



08 - Migratory Flight Altitude



09 - Segregation During Migration



10 - Geographic Patterns of Migration



11 - Orientation and Navigation



12 - Influence of Weather



13 - Influence of Topography



14 - Perils of Migration



15 - Routes of Migration



16 - Patterns of Migration



17 - Future Directions


The United States Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS or FWS) is an agency of the federal government within the U.S. Department of the Interior dedicated to the management of fish, wildlife, and natural habitats. The mission of the agency is "working with others to conserve, protect, and enhance fish, wildlife, plants and their habitats for the continuing benefit of the American people."

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